Public pharmaceutical expenditure: identification of spatial effects

Higher pharmaceutical public expenditure after direct price control: improved access or induced demand? The Colombian case

Background High pharmaceutical expenditure is one of the main concerns for policymakers worldwide. In Colombia, a middle-income country, outpatient prescription represents over 10% of total health expenditure in the mandatory benefits package (POS), and close to 90% in the complementary government fund (No POS). In order to control expenditure, since 2011, the Ministry of Health introduced pric...

Estimating the Fiscal Effects of Public Pharmaceutical Expenditure Reduction in Greece

The purpose of the present study is to estimate the impact of pharmaceutical spending reduction on public revenue, based on data from the national health accounts as well as on reports of Greece's organizations. The methodology of the analysis is structured in two basic parts. The first part presents the urgency for rapid cutbacks on public pharmaceutical costs due to the financial crisis and p...

Investigate the Effects of Public Expenditure on Macroeconomic Variables under a Balanced Budget Rule in Iran: a DSGE Approach

A Protocol for Pollution Index, Source Identification, and Spatial Analysis of Heavy Metals in Top Soil

Introduction: This study aimed to assess a good protocol for the contamination indexes, concentration, spatial analysis, and source identification of toxic metals in top soils. Materials and Methods: In the first step, samples were taken from top soil (30 cm) and the metals were extracted and detected with ICP-AES. In the second step, Enrichment Factor, Geoaccumulation Index, and Contamination...

"Price management" and its impact on hospital pharmaceutical expenditure and the availability of medicines in New Zealand hospitals.

OBJECTIVES In 2002, the Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC) began negotiating new price contracts for 90% of hospital pharmaceuticals on behalf of all New Zealand (NZ) public hospitals ("price management"[PM]). The present study was undertaken to examine the impact of 3 years of PM on hospital pharmaceutical expenditure, and the impact of the new contracts on the availability of medicine...